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1 established institution
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2 ecclesiastical (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church)
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ecclesiastical (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church)
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3 established
adjective1) eingeführt [Geschäft usw.]; bestehend [Ordnung]; etabliert [Schriftsteller]2) (accepted) üblich; etabliert [Gesellschaftsordnung]; geltend [Norm]; fest [Brauch]; feststehend [Tatsache]3) (Eccl.)established church/religion — Staatskirche/-religion, die
* * ** * *es·tab·lished[ɪˈstæblɪʃt, esˈ-]adj attr1. (standard) bestehendit is \established practice... es ist üblich,...there are \established procedures for dealing with emergencies es gibt feste Verfahrensweisen, nach denen in Notfällen vorgegangen wird\established institution feste Einrichtung\established law geltendes Recht\established use [behördlich anerkannte] lang bestehende Grundstücksnutzung2. (proven) nachgewiesen\established fact gesicherte [o feststehende] Tatsache3. (accepted) anerkannt, akzeptiert\established authority anerkannte AutoritätShakespeare is part of the \established canon in English literature Shakespeare gehört zu den Standardwerken der englischen Literatur4. (founded) gegründet\established in 1990 1990 gegründet* * *[I'stblɪʃt]adjorder, authority, religion bestehend, etabliert; rules bestehend; business, company etabliert, eingeführt; clientele fest; reputation gesichert; tradition althergebracht; name, brand etabliertthis is our established procedure —
firmly established (reputation, peace) company, name — völlig gesichert fest etabliert
a well established business — ein fest etabliertes or gut eingeführtes Geschäft
or favorite (US) — die indische Küche hat sich einen festen Platz als Lieblingsessen erobert
it's an established fact that... —
established 1850 (Comm etc) — gegründet 1850
* * *established adj1. bestehend (Gesetze etc)2. etabliert, eingeführt (Geschäft)3. feststehend, unzweifelhaft, anerkannt (Tatsache etc)4. zum festen Personal gehörend:established official planmäßiger Beamter;est. abk1. established2. estate* * *adjective1) eingeführt [Geschäft usw.]; bestehend [Ordnung]; etabliert [Schriftsteller]2) (accepted) üblich; etabliert [Gesellschaftsordnung]; geltend [Norm]; fest [Brauch]; feststehend [Tatsache]3) (Eccl.)established church/religion — Staatskirche/-religion, die
* * *adj.errichtet adj. -
4 established
1) ( standard) bestehend;it is \established practice... es ist üblich,...;there are \established procedures for dealing with emergencies es gibt feste Verfahrensweisen, nach denen in Notfällen vorgegangen wird;\established institution feste Einrichtung;\established law geltendes Recht2) ( proven) nachgewiesen;\established fact gesicherte [o feststehende] Tatsache3) ( accepted) anerkannt, akzeptiert;\established authority anerkannte Autorität;Shakespeare is part of the \established canon in English literature Shakespeare gehört zu den Standardwerken der englischen Literatur4) ( founded) gegründet;\established in 2000 2000 gegründet -
5 institution
§ დაწესებულება, დაწესება გადასახადის§1 დაწესებულება, ინსტიტუტი2 ჩამოყალიბება, დაარსება, შექმნა3 დაწესებული ადათ-ჩვევაa birthday party is an established institution in Georgia საქართველოში დაბადების დღის გადახდა წესად არის შემოღებული -
6 institution
[ˌinsti΄tju:ʃn] n հիմնում, հաստա տում. the institution of a new comittee նոր կո միտեի հիմնադրում. educational institutions ուսում նական հաստատություններ. residential institution գի շերօ թիկ. (սովորույթ) a long-established institution շատ հին/վաղուց հաստատված սովորույթ -
7 established
established adj [institution, artist, procedure, view] établi ; it's a well established fact that c'est un fait bien établi que ; established in 1920 fondé en 1920 ; the established church l'église d'État or officielle. -
8 institution
1) (the act of instituting or process of being instituted.) institución2) ((the building used by) an organization etc founded for a particular purpose, especially care of people, or education: schools, hospitals, prisons and other institutions.) institucióninstitution n institucióntr[ɪnstɪ'tjʊːʃən]1 (act - gen) institución nombre femenino, establecimiento, introducción nombre femenino; (- of inquiry, proceedings) iniciación nombre femenino4 (custom, practice) institución nombre femenino, tradición nombre femenino, costumbre nombre femenino5 familiar institución nombre femeninoinstitution [.ɪntstə'tu:ʃən, -'tju:-] n1) establishing: institución f, establecimiento m2) custom: institución f, tradición fthe institution of marriage: la institución del matrimonio3) organization: institución f, organismo m4) asylum: asilo mn.• asilo s.m.• ente s.m.• entidad s.f.• fundación s.f.• institución s.f.• instituto s.m.'ɪnstə'tuːʃən, ˌɪnstɪ'tjuːʃən1) c (established practice, procedure) institución f2) ca) ( organization) organismo m, institución f; ( building) institución f, establecimiento mb) (hospital, asylum, home) establecimiento sanitario, penitenciario o de asistencia social3) u (frml)a) ( initiation) iniciación fb) ( establishment) institución f, establecimiento m[ˌɪnstɪ'tjuːʃǝn]N1) (=act) (=founding) fundación f, institución f ; (=initiation) iniciación f ; (Jur) [of proceedings] entablación f2) (=organization) institución f3) (=workhouse) asilo m ; (=madhouse) manicomio m ; (=hospital) hospital m4) (=custom) institución fit is too much of an institution to abolish — es una costumbre demasiado arraigada para poder abolirla
5) (=person)* * *['ɪnstə'tuːʃən, ˌɪnstɪ'tjuːʃən]1) c (established practice, procedure) institución f2) ca) ( organization) organismo m, institución f; ( building) institución f, establecimiento mb) (hospital, asylum, home) establecimiento sanitario, penitenciario o de asistencia social3) u (frml)a) ( initiation) iniciación fb) ( establishment) institución f, establecimiento m -
9 established
[ɪ'stæblɪʃt] 1. 2.* * *adjective (settled or accepted: established customs.) stabilito* * *[ɪ'stæblɪʃt] 1. 2. -
10 Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy (Established in 1687, the first institution of higher education in Moscow for the training of candidates for the priesthood)
Религия: Славяно-греко-латинская академияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy (Established in 1687, the first institution of higher education in Moscow for the training of candidates for the priesthood)
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11 ecclesiastical
[ɪˌkliːzɪ'æstɪk(ə)l]1) Общая лексика: духовный, относящийся к церкви, церковный2) Религия: принятый церковью, (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church) относящийся к Церкви, (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church) церковный, (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church) духовный, (Of or relating to a church as a formal and established institution; 2. Suitable for use in a church) священнический3) Юридический термин: священнический4) Макаров: относящийся к духовенству -
12 establish
1 დაარსება (დააარსებს), დაფუძნება, შექმნაhe established a firm ფირმა დააარსა / გახსნა2 დადგენა (დაადგენს)3 დამკვიდრება (დაამკვიდრებს)this book established him as a talented writer ამ წიგნმა მას ნიჭიერი მწერლის სახელი დაუმკვიდრა4 დასახლება (დასახლდება)to establish a relationship with smb. ვინმესთან ურთიერთობის დამყარებაto establish the record for... რეკორდის დამყარება …-შიa birthday party is an established institution in Georgia საქართველოში დაბადების დღის გადახდა წესად არის შემოღებულიto establish / break ties with smb. ვინმესთან კავშირის დამყარება / გაწყვეტაto make / establish contact with smb. ვინმესთან კონტაქტის დამყარება -
13 birthday
დაბადების დღეon the occasion of his arrival / birthday მისი ჩამოსვლის / დაბადების დღის გამოthey always keep their mother's birthday დედას ყოველთვის უხდიან დაბადების დღესa birthday party is an established institution in Georgia საქართველოში დაბადების დღის გადახდა წესად არის შემოღებულიhe never remembers my birthday, but I don't hold it against him ჩემი დაბადების დღე არასოდეს ახსოვს, მაგრამ არ ვემდური●●I wish you a happy birthday / new year მოგილოცავ დაბადების დღეს / ახალ წელსI congratulate you on your birthday / success! გილოცავ დაბადების დღეს! / წარმატებებს! -
14 party
§ პარტია; ჯგუფი; საღამოს წვეულება§1 პარტიაopposition / democratic / liberal / conservative party ოპოზიციური / დემოკრატიული / ლიბერალური / კონსერვატიული პარტია2 ჯგუფი, რაზმიa hunting / fishing party მონადირეთა / მეთევზეთა ჯგუფი3 გასართობად შეკრებილი სტუმართა ჯგუფი, კომპანიაto give a dinner party წვეულების გამართვა / სადილად სტუმრების მოწვევა4 მხარეthe interested / injured party დაინტერესებული / დაზარალებული მხარე5 თანმხლები პირებიhis party polled a quarter of votes მისმა პარტიამ ხმების ერთი მეოთხედი მიიღოa rescue boat / party მაშველი ნავი / რაზმიa birthday party is an established institution in Georgia საქართველოში დაბადების დღის გადახდა წესად არის შემოღებულიI'm indisposed to go to the party წვეულებაზე წასასვლელად განწყობილი არა ვარ●●stag party მამაკაცთა თავშეყრაour dinner party was graced by the presence of a movie star ჩვენი წვეულება კინოვარსკვლავის დასწრებამ დაამშვენაthe bridal party პატარძლის მაყრიონი;he anticipates the party გრძნობს, რომ წვეულებაზე ისიამოვნებს -
15 Kennedy, Sir Alexander Blackie William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 17 March 1847 Stepney, London, England d. 1928[br]English marine engineer and educator.[br]Sir Alexander Kennedy was trained as a marine engineer. The son of a Congregational minister, he was educated at the City of London School and the School of Mines, Jermyn Street. He was then apprenticed to J. \& W.Dudgeon of Millwall, marine engineers, and went on to become a draughtsman to Sir Charles Marsh Palmer of Jarrow (with whom he took part in the development of the compound steam-engine for marine use) and T.M.Tennant \& Co. of Leith. In 1874 he was appointed Professor of Engineering at University College, London. He built up an influential School of Engineering, being the first in England to integrate laboratory work as a regular feature of instruction. The engineering laboratory that he established in 1878 has been described as "the first of its kind in England" (Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers). He and his students conducted important experiments on the strength and elasticity of materials, boiler testing and related subjects. He followed the teaching of Franz Reuleaux, whose Kinematics of Machinery he translated from the German.While thus breaking new educational ground at University College, Kennedy concurrently established a very thriving private practice as a consulting engineer in partnership with Bernard Maxwell Jenkin (the son of Fleeming Jenkin), to pursue which he relinquished his academic posts in 1889. He planned and installed the whole electricity system for the Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, and other electricity companies. He was also heavily involved in the development of electrically powered transport systems. During the First World War he served on a panel of the Munitions Invention Department, and after the war he undertook to record photographically the scenes of desolation in his book From Ypres to Verdun (1921). Towards the end of his life, he pursued his interest in archaeology with the exploration of Petra, recorded in a monograph: Petra. Its History and Monuments (1925). He also joined the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1879, becoming the President of that body in 1894, and he joined the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1890. Kennedy was thus something of an engineering polymath, as well as being an outstanding engineering educationalist.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1887. Knighted 1905. Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1879; President, 1906. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1894.Bibliography1921, From Ypresto Verdum.1925, Petra. Its History and Monuments.Further ReadingDNB supplement.1928–9, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 221:269–75.ABBiographical history of technology > Kennedy, Sir Alexander Blackie William
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16 Rankine, William John Macquorn
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 5 July 1820 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 1872[br][br]Rankine was educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow High School, although he appears to have learned much of his basic mathematics and physics through private study. He attended Edinburgh University and then assisted his father, who was acting as Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. This introduction to engineering practice was followed in 1838 by his appointment as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, and for the next four years he served under MacNeill on his Irish railway projects. While still in his early twenties, Rankine presented pioneering papers on metal fatigue and other subjects to the Institution of Civil Engineers, for which he won a prize, but he appears to have resigned from the Civils in 1857 after an argument because the Institution would not transfer his Associate Membership into full Membership. From 1844 to 1848 Rankine worked on various projects for the Caledonian Railway Company, but his interests were becoming increasingly theoretical and a series of distinguished papers for learned societies established his reputation as a leading scholar in the new science of thermodynamics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853. At the same time, he remained intimately involved with practical questions of applied science, in shipbuilding, marine engineering and electric telegraphy, becoming associated with the influential coterie of fellow Scots such as the Thomson brothers, Napier, Elder, and Lewis Gordon. Gordon was then the head of a large and successful engineering practice, but he was also Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, and when he retired from the Chair to pursue his business interests, Rankine, who had become his Assistant, was appointed in his place.From 1855 until his premature death in 1872, Rankine built up an impressive engineering department, providing a firm theoretical basis with a series of text books that he wrote himself and most of which remained in print for many decades. Despite his quarrel with the Institution of Civil Engineers, Rankine took a keen interest in the institutional development of the engineering profession, becoming the first President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, which he helped to establish in 1857. Rankine campaigned vigorously for the recognition of engineering studies as a full university degree at Glasgow, and he achieved this in 1872, the year of his death. Rankine was one of the handful of mid-nineteenth century engineers who virtually created engineering as an academic discipline.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853. First President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1857.Bibliography1858, Manual of Applied Mechanics.1859, Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers.1862, Manual of Civil Engineering.1869, Manual of Machinery and Millwork.Further ReadingJ.Small, 1957, "The institution's first president", Proceedings of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland: 687–97.H.B.Sutherland, 1972, Rankine. His Life and Times.ABBiographical history of technology > Rankine, William John Macquorn
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17 Whitworth, Sir Joseph
[br]b. 21 December 1803 Stockport, Cheshire, Englandd. 22 January 1887 Monte Carlo, Monaco[br]English mechanical engineer and pioneer of precision measurement.[br]Joseph Whitworth received his early education in a school kept by his father, but from the age of 12 he attended a school near Leeds. At 14 he joined his uncle's mill near Ambergate, Derbyshire, to learn the business of cotton spinning. In the four years he spent there he realized that he was more interested in the machinery than in managing a cotton mill. In 1821 he obtained employment as a mechanic with Crighton \& Co., Manchester. In 1825 he moved to London and worked for Henry Maudslay and later for the Holtzapffels and Joseph Clement. After these years spent gaining experience, he returned to Manchester in 1833 and set up in a small workshop under a sign "Joseph Whitworth, Tool Maker, from London".The business expanded steadily and the firm made machine tools of all types and other engineering products including steam engines. From 1834 Whitworth obtained many patents in the fields of machine tools, textile and knitting machinery and road-sweeping machines. By 1851 the company was generally regarded as the leading manufacturer of machine tools in the country. Whitworth was a pioneer of precise measurement and demonstrated the fundamental mode of producing a true plane by making surface plates in sets of three. He advocated the use of the decimal system and made use of limit gauges, and he established a standard screw thread which was adopted as the national standard. In 1853 Whitworth visited America as a member of a Royal Commission and reported on American industry. At the time of the Crimean War in 1854 he was asked to provide machinery for manufacturing rifles and this led him to design an improved rifle of his own. Although tests in 1857 showed this to be much superior to all others, it was not adopted by the War Office. Whitworth's experiments with small arms led on to the construction of big guns and projectiles. To improve the quality of the steel used for these guns, he subjected the molten metal to pressure during its solidification, this fluid-compressed steel being then known as "Whitworth steel".In 1868 Whitworth established thirty annual scholarships for engineering students. After his death his executors permanently endowed the Whitworth Scholarships and distributed his estate of nearly half a million pounds to various educational and charitable institutions. Whitworth was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1841 and a Member in 1848 and served on its Council for many years. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1847, the year of its foundation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1869. FRS 1857. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1856, 1857 and 1866. Hon. LLD Trinity College, Dublin, 1863. Hon. DCL Oxford University 1868. Member of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1864. Légion d'honneur 1868. Society of Arts Albert Medal 1868.Bibliography1858, Miscellaneous Papers on Mechanical Subjects, London; 1873, Miscellaneous Papers on Practical Subjects: Guns and Steel, London (both are collections of his papers to technical societies).1854, with G.Wallis, The Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures, andUseful and Ornamental Arts, London.Further ReadingF.C.Lea, 1946, A Pioneer of Mechanical Engineering: Sir Joseph Whitworth, London (a short biographical account).A.E.Musson, 1963, "Joseph Whitworth: toolmaker and manufacturer", Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, London, 124–9 (a short biography).D.J.Jeremy (ed.), 1984–6, Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. 5, London, 797–802 (a short biography).W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (describes Whitworth's machine tools).RTS -
18 establishment
создание имя существительное: -
19 Establishment
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20 Donkin, Bryan III
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 29 August 1835 London, Englandd. 4 March 1902 Brussels, Belgium[br]English mechanical engineer.[br]Bryan Donkin was the eldest son of John Donkin (1802–54) and grandson of Bryan Donkin I (1768–1855). He was educated at University College, London, and at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Métiers in Paris, and then served an apprenticeship in the firm established by his grandfather. He assisted his uncle, Bryan Donkin II (1809–93), in setting up paper mills at St Petersburg. He became a partner in the Donkin firm in 1868 and Chairman in 1889, and retained this position after the amalgamation with Clench \& Co. of Chesterfield in 1900. Bryan Donkin was one of the first engineers to carry out scientific tests on steam engines and boilers, the results of his experiments being reported in many papers to the engineering institutions. In the 1890s his interests extended to the internal-combustion engine and he translated Rudolf Diesel's book Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly journal The Engineer. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, as well as of many other societies, including the Royal Institution, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Société Industrielle de Mulhouse and the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. In his experimental work he often collaborated with others, notably Professor A.B.W.Kennedy (1847–1928), with whom he was also associated in the consulting engineering firm of Kennedy \& Donkin.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1901. Institution of Civil Engineers, Telford premiums 1889, 1891; Watt Medal 1894; Manby premium 1896.Bibliography1894, Gas, Oil and Air Engines, London.1896, with A.B.W.Kennedy, Experiments on Steam Boilers, London. 1898, Heat Efficiency of Steam Boilers, London.RTS
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